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                             第四章重點整理                               
                                                                          
        中醫婦科學是根據中醫學固有的基本理論發展而來,認識婦女的          
        解剖、生理、病理特點,進而瞭解經、帶、胎、產規律和研究婦          
        女特有疾病的一門臨床一學。                                        
                                                                          
                       【中醫婦科學的定義與範疇】                         
                                                                          
        一、 婦科解剖概述                                                 
        解剖名稱:                                                        
        1.女子胞:這是婦女最重要的生殖器官;女子胞名子宮、胞宮、          
                  子臟或簡稱胞,是月經所從出和孕育胎兒之處。              
        2.血室:血室之說有三;一指子宮,一指衝脈,一指肝臟。              
        3.胞脈:是分布在子宮之血脈。指子宮附近所有營養與代謝的循          
                環系統的總稱。                                            
        4.胞絡:是連繫於子宮周圍的組織。                                  
        5.胞中:有兩個涵意,一指胞宮之中,一指胞宮所在位置之範圍。        
        6.子門:指子宮之門戶。相當於子宮頸及所在位置。                    
        7.子戶:子宮的別稱。                                              
        8.子腸:子宮或陰道前後壁脫出。                                    
        9.陰戶:指外陰,包括大小陰唇。                                    
        10.陰器:指外陰部位。                                             
        11.交骨:恥骨聯合之處。                                           
        12.毛際:指陰毛叢生之處。                                         
        13.乳房:女子至青春期乳房發育明顯,是女性的特徵,它是第二         
                 性徵之一,是分娩後哺育嬰兒的器官。                       
                                                                          
        二、 月經生理                                                     
        人體以臟腑經絡為本,以氣血為用,婦女主要的生理特點的月經、        
        胎孕、產育、哺乳等,都是臟腑、經絡、氣血化生作用的表現。          
                                                                          
        (一) 臟腑經血與月經的關係:                                       
        女子生殖器官在出生後十多年才發育成熟,一般有三十年左右的生        
        殖旺盛時期,以後機能逐漸衰退。月經的週期變化是女性生殖系統        
        生理的主要反映。                                                  
                                                                          
        月經生理現象是指有規律的週期性的子宮出血。一般大約每個陰曆        
        月一行,所以28天為多見。                                          
                                                                          
        婦女到49歲左右,月經停止,稱為『絕經』。                          
        月經慣常兩月一行者,稱為『並月』。                                
        三月一行者,稱為『居經』。又稱『按季』。                          
        一年一行者,稱為『避年』。                                        
        終身不行經,屆期仍覺腰痠,仍能受胎者,稱為『暗經』。              
        如在懷孕以後,按月行經而量少無損於胎兒的,稱為『激經』,又名      
        『盛胎』或稱『垢胎』。                                            
                                                                          
        (二) 月經產生的機理:                                             
        月經的產生,是腎氣、天癸、衝任、臟腑、氣血協同作用於子宮,使      
        之定期藏瀉的生理現象。                                            
        在月經產生的機理中,腎氣起著主導作用,天癸是促使月經產生的重      
        要物質。                                                          
                                                                          
        1.天癸與月經的關係:                                              
        天癸,男女皆有,是關係到人體生長、發育和生殖的一種陰精。          
                                                                          
        所謂無形之水,是對有異於肉眼可以看見如血液、尿液、汗液、唾液      
        、淚液、鼻液、精液等有形之體液而言。                              
                                                                          
        2.臟腑月經的關係:                                                
        臟腑是人體的主要構成部份,為血氣生化之源。而月經主要在於血氣      
        的流通,定時蓄溢。                                                
        在產生月經的機理中,與腎、肝、脾的關係較為密切。                  
                                                                          
        (1)腎                                                             
        腎為先天之本,元氣之根,主藏經。它既藏先天生殖之精,又藏後天      
        水穀之精成人體的基本物質,是人身中的精粹部份,它是藏之於腎的      
        。這種精企後世稱為元精、元陽或元精。而所謂元者,即是最根本之      
        意,亦即人身最寶貴的精微物質。                                    
                                                                          
        (2)肝                                                             
        肝為藏血之臟,主疏泄,喜條達而惡抑鬱。它一方面儲存血液,另一      
        方面則具有調節血量的作用。                                        
                                                                          
        (3)脾                                                             
        脾胃為後天之本,血氣生化之源。「人體賴飲食以營養,而飲食之化      
        為精微與運行供應,又賴脾胃之功能以消化轉輸,所以維持人體的正      
        常生理,與脾胃功能健運很有關係。                                  
                                                                          
        (4)心和肺                                                         
        月經除與腎、脾、肝有較密切關係外,與心、肺也有一定的聯繫。        
        心主血,其充在血脈;肺主氣,宣布於全身。月經來源於血海,          
        血海是否充盈,運行是否流暢,對月經有直接的關係。                  
        3.血氣與月經的關係                                                
        婦女以血為主,經、孕、產、乳都以血為用。                          
        月經主要成份是血,然氣為血帥,氣行則血行,氣滯則血滯,滯甚則      
        成瘀;氣熱則血熱,氣寒則血寒。                                    
                                                                          
        但血又為氣之母,血旺自能化氣,血氣同步旺盛,便能互相依存,互      
        相資生。在月經的產生機理中,血是物質基礎,氣是血脈運行的動力。    
                                                                          
        4.經絡與月經的關係                                                
        經絡內屬臟腑,外絡肢節,溝通內外,聯絡上下,傳遞信息,協助氣      
        血之運行,營養周身,使人體各組織器官聯為一個有機的整體。          
        經絡與婦女的生理、病理聯繫最密切者為奇經八脈中的衝、任、督、帶    
        ,其功能主要是對十二經脈氣血運行起著蓄溢調節的作用,並將臟腑所    
        主的精、氣、津、血輸注於胞宮,使之有規律的蓄納精氣,定期排出經    
        血。                                                              
                                                                          
        其中又以衝任二脈的作用更為重要:                                  
        (1)衝脈                                                           
        衝為十二經脈的要衝,故以衝脈為名。媽一方面受先天腎氣的支持;一    
        方面受後天水穀精氣之滋養,所以先後天之氣皆應匯於衝脈,對維持婦    
        女特殊生理起著相當重要的作用。                                    
        (2)任脈                                                           
        任,有任養和擔任之義。任脈與全身陰脈會於膻穴,主一身之陰經,為    
        陰脈之海。凡經、血、津、液均屬任脈所司,為婦女特殊生理的任養之    
        本。                                                              
        (3)督脈                                                           
        督,有總督之意。督脈具有總督全身陽經之作用,因督脈行人身脊背之    
        中,上至頭部,諸陽經與之交會,故有「陽脈之海」之稱。              
        (4)帶脈                                                           
        帶者,有束帶之意。帶脈始於季助,環身一周,如束帶狀,故名帶脈。    
        其主要作用為聯繫與約束諸經,特別與衝、任、督三脈相聯絡,使經脈    
        氣血的循行保持常度。                                              
                                                                          
        【月經的相關疾病】                                                
        一、 月經異常                                                     
        月經異常是婦科最常見的疾病,月經的正常來潮是婦女健康的表現。而    
        月經的異常往往是疾病發生的先兆。                                  
                                                                          
        月經的異常是以月經的週期、經期、經量、經質發生異常,或伴隨月經    
        周期出現的症狀為特徵的一類疾病。                                  
                                                                          
        〈定義〉                                                          
        1.月經先期:月經週期提前7天以上者。                               
        2.月經後期:月經週期延後7以上天者。                               
        3.月經先後不定期:月經不按週期來潮,時或提前時或延後7天以上者。   
        4.月經前後諸症:行經前後或經期規律性地出現一些症狀如頭暈頭痛、心  
          煩失眠、乳房脹痛等。                                            
                                                                          
        病因病機:請參閱課本P.135~P.138的詳細介紹                         
                                                                          
        保健與預防:                                                      
        1.保持心情愉快以防肝鬱                                            
        2.適寒溫,慎起居,調和氣血                                        
        3.節飲食,忌辛涼,顧護脾胃                                        
        4.適勞逸,房過度,免傷氣血                                        
        5.講衛生,保清潔,防禦外邪                                        
        6.勤檢查,遭發現,預防為主                                        
                                                                          
        食療:                                                            
        1.實熱型月經先期:芹菜藕片湯                                      
        2.氣虛型月經先期:人蔘烏骨雞                                      
        3.血虛型月經後期:蔘歸烏雞湯                                      
        4.寒凝型月經後期:桂薑紅糖飲                                      
        5.虛寒型月經後期:當歸生薑羊肉湯                                  
                                                                          
        二、 閉經                                                         
        18歲以後尚未出現月經來潮現象,或月經已經來過,中途又停經3個月或   
        3個以上,就稱為『閉經』,又稱「經閉」。                           
                                                                          
        病因病機                                                          
        1.肝腎不足  2.氣血虛弱  3.陰虛血燥  4.氣滯血瘀  5.痰濕阻滯        
                                                                          
        預防與保健                                                        
        1.注意攝生  2.保養脾胃  3.心情愉快  4.增強體質  5.飲食宜忌        
        6.藥物禁忌                                                        
                                                                          
        食療                                                              
        1.氣血不足型:黃耆豬肝湯、紅糖大棗生薑湯                          
        2.氣滯血瘀型:玫瑰花茶                                            
        3.肝腎陰虛型:牡蠣烏雞湯                                          
                                                                          
        三、 痛經                                                         
        女子在經期中或行經前後,出現週期性的小腹疼痛,或痛引腰部;甚則劇  
        痛而引起昏厥的病症者稱之。常伴有頭暈、嘔心、嘔吐、全身無力等症狀  
        ,且影響正常的生活和工作。又稱「經行腹痛」。                      
                                                                          
        病因病機                                                          
        1.氣滯血瘀  2.寒凝胞中  3.濕熱下注  4.氣血虛弱  5.肝腎虛損        
                                                                          
        預防與保健                                                        
        1.生活起居  2.飲食宜忌                                            
                                                                          
        食療                                                              
        1.寒凝血瘀型:生薑紅糖茶、鴨舌炒蛋                                
        2.肝籲氣滯型:玫瑰花茶、韭白粥                                    
                                                                          
        四、 崩漏                                                         
        崩漏是指經血暴下不止或淋漓不淨,前者稱崩中,後者稱漏下。          
        崩與漏的出血情況雖不同,但兩者常相轉化,所以概稱之。              
                                                                          
        ☆ 病因:                                                         
        中醫認為本病的發病機理主要是衝任二脈受損,不能固攝經血,導致經血  
        妄行而成。其病因有:                                              
        1.腎虛  2.脾虛  3.血熱  4.血瘀                                    
                                                                          
        ★ 預防與保健                                                     
        飲食禁忌:                                                        
        1.熱性患者忌食燥熱、辛辣刺激之品。                                
        2.忌食酒類。                                                      
        3.虛寒證換忌食生冷之物。                                          
                                                                          
        ☆食療:                                                          
        1.熱血型崩漏:                                                    
        陰道大量流血或淋漓不斷,血色深紅,口乾喜飲,煩躁不安,舌質紅,舌苔
        黃脈數有力。宜清熱涼血止血固經。                                  
        清心止血飲:生地、藕節,白茅根。上藥共煎取藥汁,入冰糖,頻頻當茶飲。
        2.氣虛型崩漏:                                                    
        陰道下血甚多,或淋漓日久不止,血色淡紅,質地量多清稀,精神疲乏,氣
        短少言,舌質淡,苔薄白,脈虛大或細弱。治宜補氣養血。              
        蔘耆雞:人蔘、炙黃耆、土雞。將蔘耆用乾淨紗包裹與雞同燉,至雞熟爛,
        去藥包,食雞與湯。                                                
                                                                          
        五、 月經前後諸症:                                               
        月經前後諸症是統指婦女在月經前或月經期出現的一系列症狀,大致可概括
        兩大類:                                                          
        (一) 由於水納貯留所引起的症狀如水腫、乳脹、頭痛、經行瀉泄等。     
        (二) 是精神、神經症狀如煩躁、抑鬱等。其特點為症狀與經期有關,呈週 
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